This is a theme of great, but neglected, importance to social anthropology. 3). The tourist’s interest in and attraction to the exotic lure of “Sámi” (Niskala and Ridanpää 2016) causes different local people to use – what is perceived of as – Sámi symbols (Pietikäinen and Kelly-Holmes 2011). A definition of what boundaries ARE, examples of different types of boundaries, and how to recognize and define your own boundaries. Here, the interviews were conducted by the first author: a young, female German living and working in Umeå, Sweden at the time. Ethics and boundaries issues are important to for counselors to comprehend. Interviewer: Do you think there should be more openness towards Sámi-inspired art? […] The typical modern Kven is a Northerner [Norwegian: nordmann] who knows his/her family history [Norwegian: slektshistorie]” (Kvensk institutt n.d.; our translation). In the continuous landscape of cultural variations we may find discontinuities or ruptures, such as brought about by migration or conquest, along which ethnic boundaries will follow with a high likelihood. Hence, through their methods of protecting and sustaining Sámi handicraft culture, the Duodji organizations also use the blood boundary to keep Sámi handicrafts exclusive – the authentic Duodji is made by Sámi. For instance, coastal Sámi might be seen as “less” Sámi, because reindeer herding tends to be portrayed as the more “authentic” Sámi occupation (Thuen 2012). […] It didn’t feel I should be using the symbols just like that. Thus, ethnicity, as we discuss in the following, is definitely also constructed based on historic and acknowledged cultural practice, such as language, Joik singing and, here, in particular, handicrafts. […] Now I work more with nature symbols, like ptarmigans. Three  major limitations of the Barthian paradigm have been discussed over the past decades. Tourism is further seen to enhance that simplified divide, as some tourists seek out specific representations, such as “Sámi handicrafts”, thereby ignoring locally relevant nuances. 3099067 Handicrafts, in this context, can hence be seen as contested objects that are squeezed between these different dynamics and imbued with ethnic discourse. They raise questions concern who can do what handicraft, who can use what symbols or what developments are “allowed”. Hale (2004) takes a cognitive perspective and argues that communication barriers or embodied, visible differences will make it more likely that an ethnic or racial boundary emerges and stabilizes. “Everybody is welcome to our school”. Boundaries are meant to be beneficial in the professional relationship. Sámi come here and order things: belt buckles, jewellery, and so on … . Examples of Overlapping Racial and Ethnic Categories in the U.S. In contrast, representations of more complexity, such as local differences among Sámi or Kven and Torne valley origins, do not seem to be visible or to matter as much to the tourist. ethnic marker. Although they are not ironclad, these customs set "traditional" Jewish people apart from others. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. To non-Sámi crafters and handicraft sellers, “the Sámi handicraft” symbolizes a closed, unattainable category, seemingly “the more authentic northern handicraft”, besides which some may feel that their own abilities, their northern identity and right of belonging are being neglected. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Today, this pride is linked to a regaining of the public sphere after a period of being subjugated to the hinterland of the private, the hidden. First, the importance of power relationships in the making and unmaking of ethnic and racial boundaries was greatly underestimated in the original formulation. They wonder whether a person born and raised in Stockholm should have a greater claim on Sáminess than some crafters as in the cases mentioned. For example, McKay (ref. Geometric Boundary that is created with geometric aspects Advantages Permanent easily located on map good political reference Disadvantages not easily visible Example: North Korea United States Water Set in place by the UN as a buffer zone between the two ethnic groups, Turks, This implies a shift away from concerns with the given culture, identity, and social cohesion of ethnic groups toward strategies of boundary creation and transformation as they relate to the strategies of other individuals and groups. She talks about how at first, when she began in the 1980s, people were rather sceptical and questioned her openly. In the Sámi area, there is heated discussion on such issues as how “traditional” a piece of craft must be to pass as duodji, how much you can “develop” it before it turns into something other than duodji, whether it must be made by hand or to what extent you can use machines, and whether a piece of craft is a piece of duodji only if it is made for one’s own use. 401–402) pointed out that some expressions of ethnicity may be primarily ideational or affective (his “pseudo ethnics” and “symbolic ethnics”): for example, when persons gain personal satisfaction from carrying forward traditional elements of a threatened culture or when ethnicity is used in a person’s search for self-realization of identity. Cornell, S. (1996) The Variable Ties that Bind: Content and Circumstance in Ethnic Processes. Then of course, beyond self-identification and ancestry, also acculturalization establishes thresholds for how much of a Sámi one can be considered. Ultimately, it aims to ameliorate social inequalities of gender, class, race, ethnicity, religion, etc. She writes: “It is a body constructed as an essentialized being that validates the handmade object as the product of its authentic nature” (Moore 2008, 199–200). All three minorities share a relatively recent history of being accepted as minorities, having their languages recognized and building institutions to support their diverse interests. We found one dictionary that includes the word ethnic boundary markers: Science (1 matching dictionary) ethnic boundary_markers: Anthropological Terms [home, info] Words similar to ethnic boundary markers Usage examples for ethnic boundary markers Words that often appear near ethnic boundary markers Rhymes of ethnic boundary markers Invented words related to ethnic boundary … Finally, the precise way boundaries are constructed  may have consequences regarding their stability and manipulability through strategic action. Anyone who lives in Jokkmokk knows exactly who has it and who does not have it. Today this much-cited classic is regarded as the seminal volume from which stems much current anthropological thinking about ethnicity. 2001; Valentine 2005). I am very privileged. Bentley, C. (1987) Ethnicity and Comparative Studies in Society and History 29(1): 24 55. a typology of forms of ethnic groups and relations, we attempt to explore the different processes that seem to be involved in generating and maintaining ethnic groups. 35, No. Interviewer: Is it a problem then not being Sámi? Here in northern Norway people are very smart [about it], but not in Finland, Rovaniemi, for example. Yes, there is a boundary of cultural appropriation and that boundary differs for different people. The construction of ethnicity in relation to handicrafts was largely entered into the interviews quite naturally as people pointed out products, stating for example, “This is a Sámi knife” and thus bringing ethnicity into the conversation. They raise questions concerning who can do what handicraft, who can use what symbols or what developments are “allowed”. Barth, (1969) Introduction. Ethnographic Complexities: Inter-Ethnic Interaction and Cultural Change In general, the ethnographic record supports the hypothesis that, where ethnic boundaries exist, inter-ethnic interactions can have an important influence on cultural change within ethnic groups. Lastly, we need to acknowledge our subjectivity, and the possibility of our having over- or understated certain discourses. Crafter: Only Sámi crafters … So, I’m not Sámi, right? While various approaches could be taken to these complexities, in the present article we seek to contribute new insight by studying ethnic discourse as it becomes manifest in the talk and practices of handicraft sellers and crafters. In the context of tourism, as well as more widely, Sáminess is largely discussed as an attractive, aesthetic and desirable quality, in contrast to the stigma it had in the past. Regarding the northern Fennoscandian context, it has been suggested that tourism may be reproducing ethnic boundaries between Sámi and non-Sámi (Niskala and Ridanpää 2016), because tourism-worlds are overly simple: to the tourist’s eye there are souvenirs with or without Sámi signifiers, but there is no or little variation between them. (2002) Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. The legal aspect he addresses has only been discussed in a limited way by tourism researchers in relation to debates on the entanglement of culture and the tourism industry. Our sample included both people who both craft and sell their products, as well as people who buy products from other sources and then sell. Our findings demonstrate that the interviewees draw an ethnic divide between “Sámi”/“non-Sámi”, while other ethnic-choices move to the background. In: Vermeulen, & Govers, C. Confirming other research, the interviews illustrate a reawakened pride among Sámi that contrasts to the historic stigma associated with Sáminess (Valkonen 2014). Whether rejected or tolerated, the copious fluff of tourism (Wherry 2006, 26) seems to be more or less accepted as inevitable. (2018). Those of us in college who brushed our teeth after breakfast were really no different in other respects from those who brush their teeth before breakfast. The Rio Grande forms a large part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States. Hence, neither Sámi nor any of the other minority groups can be viewed (or studied) as a single entity without acknowledging the great internal variation and heterogeneity. Also, because there have been hundreds of years of cooperation between [other crafters] and Sámi. 34, pp. The research area (Figure 1) embraces the northernmost parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, including various population groups: national Swedish, Finnish and Norwegian populations, recently immigrated people, as well as ethnic minorities of Kven, Torne Valley Finns, and indigenous Sámi. However, … Accordingly, the Duodji organizations serve as protectors of Sámi handicrafts and can grant the authenticity label to Sámi crafters. The only thing is, as I’m not Sámi, I can’t take part in the Sámi art world and their expositions … that is really a pity. In northern Sweden, Norway and Finland, tourism constitutes an important part of the regional economy (Müller and Pettersson 2001; Pietikäinen and Kelly-Holmes 2011). Moreover, tourism may be particularly amenable to combining with what is sometimes seen as more “traditional” practices or specific lifestyles. Ethnic boundaries, a concept borrowed from Fredrik Barth (Barth, 1982 (1969)), are best understood as cognitive or mental boundaries situated in the minds of people and are the result of collective efforts of construction and maintenance. The current position of individual Sámi people can vary according to background, lifestyle, community as well as the legal situations found in the different nation states (Åhrén 2010). Similarly, some Swedish and Norwegian Sámi artists speak about the exclusiveness of Sámi handicraft as perhaps being “unnecessary” or not particularly modern. Graburn 1984; Gordon 1986; Markwick 2001; Hume 2009; Swanson and Timothy 2012). European countries such as England, France, Spain, and Portugal; the border between Romance and Germanic languages that runs trough Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Italy For that reason, critical discourse analysis is explicitly critical: It is intended to identify certain social conditions, contextualize them and deconstruct how they are discursively legitimated (Fairclough 1989, 1992, 2010; see also: Bhaskar 1986; Van Dijk 1995; Sayer 2003). Others, especially those studying individual ethnic political movements, have emphasized ‘‘resistance’’ of individuals or groups against such policies or the everyday ‘‘making’’ of ethnic boundaries in social networking and moral discourses. Free Samples and Examples of Essays, Homeworks and any Papers. The literature concentrates on the social networks of ethnic groups, the use of social capital derived from these networks, and ethnic identity. We can often see cultural boundaries preventing people from contacting each other even within one country. United States Ethnicity – Boundaries Applying Boundary Layers You can apply boundary layers to the map to easily visualize the extent of the selected boundary areas. Muslims were reorganized into Pakistan and Hindus into India. The simplifying nature of tourism – here in particular as handicrafts are interpreted as souvenirs – also amplifies these categories. Racial and ethnic groups may be the source and the result of the two faces of social conflict, acting as a boundary marker between groups that see themselves as distinctive in their interests and values from other such groups. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. It may further mean that norms concerning what is permitted/forbidden in relation to that ethnicity are renegotiated and that ethnic otherness is emphasized where “symbols of difference are exposed [while] the signs of similarity are moved to the backyard” (Viken and Müller 2017, 19). Acta Borealia: Vol. Eidheim 1971; Minde,2003; Gaski 2008; Mulk 2009; Thuen 2012; Valkonen 2014; Viken and Müller 2017). A claim is made for a necessary shift of focus from separateness to “shared aim and passion”. People who have Sámi blood, however, seem to be considered able to “reawaken their roots” and relearn Sámi culture through practices such as handicrafts: Duodji is a very good way for Sámi to come back … You may have lost your last name, maybe you are born and raised in Stockholm – then Duodji is a good way to return to the Sámi context. Boundaries in Africa Before the arrival of European colonists, African boundaries were very loosely defined. 1999) or a micro perspective (e.g., Lamont 2000) because it helped to denaturalize racial distinctions and highlight the varying nature and salience of racial boundaries in different contexts. In geography, boundaries separate different regions of the Earth. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference Universitetet i Bergen Snippet view - 1969. Ethics and boundaries issues are important to for counselors to comprehend. In our work, we intend to describe and explicate the ways in which ethnicity is constructed in relation to handicrafts. Kven is a Norwegian minority with a Finnish language and cultural background, immigrated mostly in the 1700s/1800s. Ethnicity and identity are largely about boundaries; in fact, there is no way to determine one’s identity—ethnic or otherwise—without reference to some sort of boundary. We collected the material for the present study during several longer field trips (2015/16) to the locations shown in Figure 1: Jokkmokk, Kiruna, Karasjok, Kautokeino and Rovaniemi. Likewise, the fact that the researcher used second languages (English, Swedish) might have emphasized her “outside” position and altered power structures somewhat (Tang 2007). 1, pp. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Let's start with an example. Allen & Unwin, London. The Conditionality of Status: Experience-based Reflections on the Insider/Outsider Issue, Voices in Discourses: Dialogism, Critical Discourse Analysis and Ethnic Identity, The Local Political Economy of Languages in a Sámi Tourism Destination: Authenticity and Mobility in the Labelling of Souvenirs, The Position and Identification of the Non-status Sámi in the Marginal of Identity, Tourism Activity as an Expression of Place Attachment – Place Perceptions and Experiences among Tourism Actors in the Jukkasjärvi Area, Northern Sweden, Souvenirs: Icons of Meaning, Commercialization and Commoditization, Variations of Ethnic Boundary Significance in North Norway, Tell Me About . In interaction ( Schilling-Estes 2004 ) ethnicity and comparative studies in Society and History 29 ( )... Kven is a real or imaginary line that separates two things language boundary theory ( bentley 1987 ) bit saying. 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